The PIRLS 2016 Reading Framework and the instruments developed to assess this framework reflect IEA’s commitment to be forward thinking and incorporate the latest approaches to measuring the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling. PIRLS is based on the broad notion of what the ability to read means—a notion that includes the ability to reflect on written texts and to use these texts as tools for attaining individual and societal goals, also known as “reading to do” (Stiggins, 1982). This view is increasingly relevant in today’s society, where greater emphasis continues to be placed on students’ ability to use the information they gain from reading (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995; 1997; 2000; 2001; 2005; 2010). Emphasis is shifting from demonstrating fluency and basic comprehension to demonstrating the ability to apply what is read to new situations or projects (Coulombe, Trembly, & Marchand, 2004; Smith, Mikulecky, Kibby, & Dreher, 2000; see also PIRLS 2011 Encyclopedia).
The PIRLS framework for assessing reading achievement was initially developed for the first assessment in 2001, using IEA’s 1991 Reading Literacy Study (Elley, 1992; 1994; Wolf, 1995) as the basis for the PIRLS definition of reading literacy and for establishing the aspects of reading comprehension to be assessed. Since then, the PIRLS assessment framework has been updated for each subsequent assessment cycle (Campbell, Kelly, Mullis, Martin, & Sainsbury, 2001; Mullis, Kennedy, Martin, & Sainsbury, 2006; Mullis, Martin, Kennedy, Trong, & Sainsbury, 2009).
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The PIRLS 2016 Assessment Framework, 2nd Edition provides the foundation for the three international assessments planned as part of IEA’s PIRLS 2016: PIRLS, PIRLS Literacy, and ePIRLS. PIRLS represents the international standard for reading comprehension at the fourth grade. PIRLS Literacy, a less difficult version of PIRLS, is designed to assess foundational reading skills that are prerequisites for success on PIRLS. New in 2016, ePIRLS is an innovative assessment of online reading that makes it possible for countries to understand how successful the are in preparing fourth grade students to read, comprehend, and interpret online information.Chapter 1 presents the PIRLS 2016 Reading Framework, and describes in some detail the major purposes of reading and processes of comprehension to be tested at the fourth grade. PIRLS assesses two purposes of reading that fourth grade students typically engage in: reading for literary experience, as well as to acquire and use information. PIRLS also assesses four broad processes of comprehension predominantly used by fourth grade readers: focus on and retrieve explicitly stated information, make straightforward inferences, interpret and integrate ideas and information, and evaluate and critique content and textual elements. Chapter 2 contains the PIRLS 2016 Contextual Framework describing the types of schooling situations and factors associated with students’ development in reading literacy that will be investigated via the PIRLS 2016 Encyclopedia in addition to the questionnaires completed by students, their teachers, and schools. Finally, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the PIRLS and PIRLS Literacy test booklet and ePIRLS task designs, including general parameters for item development.
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