equipment, or technology is coupled

equipment, or technology is coupled with human management. The theoretical literature on high-reliability systems, covered in Chapter , is also often an application of operations research and concepts of scientific management (LaPorte and Consolini ).
Of the early features of American public administration—a merit-based civil service, the separation of administration from politics, the “principles” of administration, administration as part of executive government, and the application of scientific management—it can be plausibly argued that both the theory and the logic of scientific management have been the most influential and enduring. Scientific management theory and logic are so persuasive in many important parts of government and the public sector that they are simply assumed, understood, and therefore usually invisible to the ordinary citizen; they are evident only when a system built on such theory and logic breaks down. When an airplane falls out of the sky, a child dies of e-coli bacteria, or a soldier dies from “friendly fire,” the citizens and their elected leaders “see” complex public systems built and operated on the assumptions of scientific management. When the people “see” an airplane fall out of the sky, they often fail to see that at : P.M. on any workday afternoon in the United States, more than , people are hurtling safely through the skies at five hundred miles per hour. By any reckoning, this is a scientific management miracle combining technology, private enterprise, and government control and management. Yet all agree that as air travel increases, these systems must be made even safer (Perrow ; Frederickson and LaPorte ). However one describes it—the one best way, Total Quality Management (TQM), the highperformance organization, or continuous improvement—the legacy of scientific management is ubiquitous.
In the early years of modern self-conscious public administration, scientific management theory and application were most often found in the field of public works, then a close cousin of public administration. Indeed, until the s the American Society of Public Administrators, the American Public Works Association, and the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) shared the same headquarters building on the campus of the University of Chicago. Leonard White’s original text () contains a chapter on public works administration, and many of the early ICMA publications had to do with public works. Gradually, the two fields drifted apart, engineers identifying with public works and comfortable with scientific management techniques, public administrators identifying with the staff functions of government, such as budgeting and personnel administration and seemingly more interested in the arts of management. In the academy and in the literature—textbooks and journals—public works and public administration, with just a few exceptions, are now almost entirely separate ( Felbinger and Whitehead a, b). In practice, however, every county has a department of public works; every county has extensive data management systems for property assessment; every state has elaborate social service data management systems as well as highway and other transportation systems; and the national government has engineering and systems operations research specialists of many types. In practice, then, scientific management is still very much a part of public administration.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

peralatan, atau teknologi digabungkan dengan manajemen manusia. Literatur teoritis sistem Reliabilitas tinggi, dibahas dalam bab , ini juga sering aplikasi riset operasi dan konsep manajemen ilmiah (LaPorte dan Consolini ).Fitur awal dari administrasi publik Amerika-berdasarkan Jasa kepegawaian, pemisahan administrasi dari politik, "prinsip-prinsip" administrasi, administrasi sebagai bagian dari eksekutif pemerintah dan penerapan manajemen ilmiah — bisa masuk akal dikatakan bahwa teori dan logika dari manajemen ilmiah telah paling berpengaruh dan abadi. Teori manajemen ilmiah dan logika yang sangat persuasif di banyak bagian penting pemerintah dan sektor publik bahwa mereka hanya diasumsikan, mengerti, dan karena itu biasanya tidak terlihat untuk warga biasa; mereka jelas hanya ketika sistem yang dibangun pada teori tersebut dan logika rusak. Ketika sebuah pesawat jatuh dari langit, seorang anak meninggal dunia bakteri e-coli, atau seorang prajurit mati dari "ramah api," warga dan para pemimpin terpilih mereka "melihat" sistem publik kompleks dibangun dan dioperasikan pada asumsi-asumsi dari manajemen ilmiah. Ketika orang-orang "melihat" pesawat jatuh dari langit, mereka sering gagal untuk melihat bahwa di : P.M. pada sore hari kerja di Amerika Serikat, lebih dari , orang-orang  yang meluncur dengan aman melalui langit pada lima ratus mil per jam. Oleh hisab, ini adalah sebuah keajaiban manajemen ilmiah yang menggabungkan teknologi, perusahaan swasta, dan pemerintah kontrol dan manajemen. Namun semua setuju bahwa sebagai peningkatan perjalanan udara, sistem ini harus dilakukan lebih aman (Perrow ;  Frederickson dan LaPorte). Namun satu menggambarkan — salah satu cara terbaik, Total Quality Management (TQM), performa tinggi dari prosesor organisasi, atau perbaikan terus-menerus — warisan manajemen ilmiah di mana-mana.Di tahun-tahun awal modern administrasi publik sadar diri, manajemen ilmiah teori dan aplikasi paling sering ditemukan di bidang pekerjaan umum, maka sepupu dekat administrasi publik. Memang, sampai s masyarakat Amerika administrator umum, pekerjaan umum American Association, dan Asosiasi manajemen International City/County (ICMA) bersama sama markas bangunan di kampus University of Chicago. Leonard White teks asli () mengandung sebuah bab tentang pekerjaan umum administrasi, dan banyak publikasi ICMA awal ada hubungannya dengan pekerjaan umum. Secara bertahap, dua bidang yang terpisah, insinyur mengidentifikasi dengan pekerjaan umum dan nyaman dengan teknik manajemen ilmiah, Umum administrator yang mengidentifikasi dengan fungsi staf pemerintah, seperti anggaran dan personil administrasi dan tampaknya lebih tertarik pada seni manajemen. Di Akademi dan dalam literatur — buku dan jurnal — Pekerjaan Umum dan administrasi umum, dengan beberapa pengecualian, yang sekarang hampir seluruhnya terpisah (a Felbinger dan Whitehead, b). Dalam prakteknya, namun, setiap kabupaten memiliki Departemen Pekerjaan Umum; setiap kabupaten memiliki sistem manajemen data luas untuk properti penilaian; setiap negara memiliki sistem manajemen data rumit Bakti sosial serta jalan tol dan sistem transportasi lain; dan pemerintah nasional memiliki teknik dan sistem operasi penelitian spesialis banyak jenis. Dalam prakteknya, kemudian, manajemen ilmiah adalah masih sangat banyak bagian dari administrasi publik.