which has been used fairly extensively across a broad range of researc translation - which has been used fairly extensively across a broad range of researc Indonesian how to say

which has been used fairly extensiv

which has been used fairly extensively across a broad range of research projects
involving groups, including projects focused on EI and team performance (Jordan and
Troth, 2004). Group members were told that their spaceship had crash-landed at an
illuminated spot on the moon, 200 miles from the mother ship. The team’s task was to
pick from a list of 16 items the five items that were most essential to their survival and
to the task of reaching the mother ship; then, they were asked to rank them in terms of
priority. The group members discussed the problem until they came to a consensus
regarding the solution (average 20 minutes), an important process for all self-managed
teams.
After the discussion, each group member rated every other individual, noting
whether the individual would make a desirable leader in the context of a future
activity, the individual’s contributions to the group, the individual’s influence on the
group, and the leadership exhibited by the individual. The questions were based on
those developed by Cronshaw and Lord (1987); they have been used by other
researchers such as Kellett et al. (2002) and Zaccaro et al. (1991). One sample item was
“Please evaluate the exhibitions of leadership behaviour of each group member”; they
were rated on a five point scale (1 ¼ nothing, 5 ¼ extreme amount). The four items had
an internal consistency of 0.96. The inter-rater reliability for the group members’
ratings ranged from 0.84 to 0.87 for the four items. The average of all team members’
ratings on each individual on the four items was used as a score of the individual’s LE.
Control variables
We included one item asking respondents to report their gender, as well as items to
measure demographic variables such as age, work experience, and having English as a
second language, to control for their potential effects on the outcomes. Our reasoning
was that age and work experience may correlate with leadership experience. Also, the
sample included international students who spoke English as a second language, and
their language proficiency level may have affected behaviour in group discussions in
English. In addition, we included cognitive ability and personality measures, two
conventional predictors of leadership (e.g. Atwater et al., 1999; Stricker and Rock,
1998), as controls. We measured academic achievement, which is dependent on
individual intelligence (e.g. Busato et al., 2000; Farsides and Woodfield, 2003; McCabe,
1991), in terms of overall university grade point average (on a scale from 0 to 4.3).
Participants also completed Goldberg’s (1999) public domain measure of the Big-Five
personality factors (International Personality Item Pool, n.d.). Coefficient alphas ranged
between 0.72 and 0.84. In addition, in order to control for the effect of group
demographic contexts in influencing leader emergence (Kent and Moss, 1994; Stein and
Heller, 1979), we included group size and group gender composition as controls.
Data analyses
Using LISREL 8.8 ( Jo¨reskog and So¨rbom, 1993), we conducted confirmatory factor
analyses (CFAs) to assess the discriminant validity of multi-indicator constructs,
including four EI constructs, three MTL constructs, and five personality constructs.
Results showed that the 12-factor model fit the data fairly well,
x2ðdfÞ ¼ 1849:09ð4119Þ, p . 0:05 RMSEA ¼ 0:08; RMR ¼ 0:08; and CFI ¼ 1:00. In
contrast, the one-factor alternative model with all constructs loaded onto it generated
less satisfactory fit to our data, x2ðdfÞ ¼ 4,343:47ð4,185Þ, p , 0:05; RMSEA ¼ 0:01;
0/5000
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which has been used fairly extensively across a broad range of research projectsinvolving groups, including projects focused on EI and team performance (Jordan andTroth, 2004). Group members were told that their spaceship had crash-landed at anilluminated spot on the moon, 200 miles from the mother ship. The team’s task was topick from a list of 16 items the five items that were most essential to their survival andto the task of reaching the mother ship; then, they were asked to rank them in terms ofpriority. The group members discussed the problem until they came to a consensusregarding the solution (average 20 minutes), an important process for all self-managedteams.After the discussion, each group member rated every other individual, notingwhether the individual would make a desirable leader in the context of a futureactivity, the individual’s contributions to the group, the individual’s influence on thegroup, and the leadership exhibited by the individual. The questions were based onthose developed by Cronshaw and Lord (1987); they have been used by otherresearchers such as Kellett et al. (2002) and Zaccaro et al. (1991). One sample item was“Please evaluate the exhibitions of leadership behaviour of each group member”; theywere rated on a five point scale (1 ¼ nothing, 5 ¼ extreme amount). The four items hadan internal consistency of 0.96. The inter-rater reliability for the group members’peringkat berkisar dari 0,84 untuk 0,87 untuk item empat. Rata-rata semua anggota timperingkat pada setiap individu pada item empat digunakan sebagai Skor LE individu.Variabel kontrolKami termasuk salah satu item yang meminta responden melaporkan gender, serta item untukmengukur demografis variabel seperti usia, pengalaman kerja, dan memiliki bahasa Inggris sebagaibahasa kedua, untuk mengontrol untuk efek mereka potensi hasil. Penalaran kamiitu usia dan pengalaman kerja mungkin berhubungan dengan pengalaman kepemimpinan. Juga,contoh termasuk siswa internasional yang berbicara bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua, dantingkat kemahiran bahasa mereka mungkin telah mempengaruhi perilaku dalam grup diskusi diInggris. Selain itu, kami menyertakan kemampuan kognitif dan langkah-langkah kepribadian, duakonvensional prediktor dari kepemimpinan (misalnya Atwater et al., 1999; Stricker dan Rock,1998), sebagai kontrol. Kita mengukur prestasi akademik, yang tergantung padaindividu intelijen (misalnya Busato et al., 2000; Farsides dan Woodfield, 2003; McCabe,,1991), dalam hal keseluruhan Universitas grade point average (pada skala dari 0 untuk 4.3).Peserta juga menyelesaikan Goldberg (1999) domain publik ukuran besar-limafaktor-faktor kepribadian (International kepribadian Item Outdoor, tanpa tahun). Koefisien Alpha berkisarantara 0.72 dan 0,84. Selain itu, untuk mengendalikan untuk efek Groupdemografis konteks di mempengaruhi kemunculan pemimpin (Kent dan Moss, 1994; Stein danHeller, 1979), we included group size and group gender composition as controls.Data analysesUsing LISREL 8.8 ( Jo¨reskog and So¨rbom, 1993), we conducted confirmatory factoranalyses (CFAs) to assess the discriminant validity of multi-indicator constructs,including four EI constructs, three MTL constructs, and five personality constructs.Results showed that the 12-factor model fit the data fairly well,x2ðdfÞ ¼ 1849:09ð4119Þ, p . 0:05 RMSEA ¼ 0:08; RMR ¼ 0:08; and CFI ¼ 1:00. Incontrast, the one-factor alternative model with all constructs loaded onto it generatedless satisfactory fit to our data, x2ðdfÞ ¼ 4,343:47ð4,185Þ, p , 0:05; RMSEA ¼ 0:01;
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yang telah digunakan cukup luas di berbagai proyek penelitian
yang melibatkan kelompok, termasuk proyek-proyek difokuskan pada EI dan kinerja tim (Jordan dan
Troth, 2004). Anggota kelompok diberitahu bahwa pesawat ruang angkasa mereka memiliki mendarat pada
tempat yang diterangi di bulan, 200 mil dari kapal induk. Tugas tim adalah untuk
memilih dari daftar 16 item lima item yang paling penting untuk kelangsungan hidup mereka dan
untuk tugas mencapai kapal induk; kemudian, mereka diminta untuk peringkat mereka dalam hal
prioritas. Para anggota kelompok mendiskusikan masalah sampai mereka datang ke sebuah konsensus
mengenai solusi (rata-rata 20 menit), proses penting untuk semua swakelola
tim.
Setelah diskusi, setiap anggota kelompok dinilai setiap individu lainnya, mencatat
apakah individu akan membuat pemimpin diinginkan dalam konteks masa depan
kegiatan, kontribusi individu untuk kelompok, pengaruh individu pada
kelompok, dan kepemimpinan yang ditunjukkan oleh individu. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu didasarkan pada
yang dikembangkan oleh Cronshaw dan Lord (1987); mereka telah digunakan oleh lainnya
peneliti seperti Kellett et al. (2002) dan Zaccaro et al. (1991). Salah satu item sampel adalah
"Silakan mengevaluasi pameran perilaku kepemimpinan masing-masing anggota kelompok"; mereka
yang dinilai pada skala lima poin (1 ¼ apa-apa, 5 ¼ jumlah ekstrim). Empat item memiliki
konsistensi internal 0,96. The reliabilitas antar penilai untuk anggota kelompok '
penilaian berkisar 0,84-0,87 untuk empat item. Rata-rata dari semua anggota tim '
penilaian pada masing-masing individu pada empat item digunakan sebagai skor individu LE.
Mengontrol variabel
Kami termasuk satu item meminta responden untuk melaporkan jenis kelamin mereka, serta barang-barang untuk
mengukur variabel demografis seperti umur, pengalaman bekerja, dan memiliki bahasa Inggris sebagai
bahasa kedua, untuk mengendalikan efek potensial mereka pada hasil. Penalaran kami
adalah bahwa usia dan pengalaman kerja dapat berkorelasi dengan pengalaman kepemimpinan. Juga,
sampel termasuk siswa internasional yang berbicara bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua, dan
tingkat kemampuan bahasa mereka mungkin mempengaruhi perilaku dalam diskusi kelompok di
Inggris. Selain itu, kami termasuk kemampuan dan kepribadian kognitif langkah-langkah, dua
prediktor konvensional kepemimpinan (misalnya Atwater et al, 1999;. Stricker dan Rock,
1998), sebagai kontrol. Kami mengukur prestasi akademik, yang tergantung pada
kecerdasan individu (misalnya Busato et al, 2000;. Farsides dan Woodfield, 2003; McCabe,
1991)., Dalam hal keseluruhan universitas nilai rata-rata (pada skala dari 0 sampai 4.3)
Peserta juga menyelesaikan ukuran (1999) domain publik Goldberg dari-Five Big
faktor kepribadian (International Personality Barang Renang, nd). Alpha koefisien berkisar
antara 0,72 dan 0,84. Selain itu, dalam rangka untuk mengendalikan efek dari kelompok
konteks demografi dalam mempengaruhi pemimpin munculnya (Kent dan Moss, 1994; Stein dan
Heller, 1979), kami termasuk ukuran kelompok dan komposisi gender kelompok sebagai kontrol.
Analisis data
menggunakan LISREL 8.8 (Jo ¨reskog dan So¨rbom, 1993), kami melakukan faktor konfirmatori
analisis (CFAS) untuk menilai validitas diskriminan dari konstruk multi-indikator,
termasuk empat EI konstruksi, tiga konstruksi MTL, dan lima konstruksi kepribadian.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 12-faktor Model sesuai dengan data cukup baik,
x2ðdfÞ ¼ 1849: 09ð4119Þ, p. 00:05 RMSEA ¼ 0:08; RMR ¼ 0:08; dan CFI ¼ 1:00. Dalam
Sebaliknya, satu-faktor alternatif model dengan semua konstruksi dimuat ke itu dihasilkan
kurang memuaskan sesuai dengan data kami, x2ðdfÞ ¼ 4343: 47ð4,185Þ, p, 0:05; RMSEA ¼ 0:01;
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