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We examined two aspects of physical memory: the underlying technology and the
memory organization. Many memory technologies exist. Differences among them include
permanence (RAM or ROM), clock synchronization, and the read and write cycle
times.
Physical memory is organized into words and accessed through a controller.
Although programmers find byte addressing convenient, most underlying memory sys
tems use word addressing. An intelligent memory controller can translate from byte addressing
to word addressing. To avoid arithmetic computation in a controller, memory
is organized so the address space and bytes per word are powers of two.
Programming languages, such as C, provide pointer variables and pointer arithmetic
that allow a programmer to obtain and manipulate memory addresses. A memory
dump, which shows the contents of memory along with the memory address of each location,
can be used to relate data structures in a program to values in memory at runtime.
Content Addressable Memory (CAM) combines memory technology and memory
organization. A CAM organizes memory as an array of slots, and provides a highspeed
search mechanism.
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