The scholar of Buddhism Takakusu Junjiro, for example, defined the essential division as being between Western “logic” or “reasoning” (suiri set), on the one hand, and Asian “immediacy” or “direct perception” (chokkansei), on the other. While Western scientific and technological success had been based on logical analysis of phenomena, he argued, Eastern culture was based on a direct, unmediated appreciation of reality in which all sense of subject and object disappeared, rather as it does in Zen meditation (Takakusu l94l). This echoes a distinction between “East” and “West” which can be found in many philosophical writings of the late and 1930s and early 1940s.