Chomsky’s arguments for LADLet us now consider some of the major argum translation - Chomsky’s arguments for LADLet us now consider some of the major argum Malay how to say

Chomsky’s arguments for LADLet us n

Chomsky’s arguments for LAD
Let us now consider some of the major arguments which Chomsky presents in support of his LAD theory. The four which will be considered are: (1) the peculiarity of grammar; (2) imperfect input data; (3) the irrelevance of intelligence; and (4) the ease and speed of child language acquisition.

1. PECULIARITY OF GRAMMAR. According to Chomsky (1967b: 6);
Deep structures seem to be very similar from language to language, and the rules that manipulate and interpret them also seem to be drawn from a very narrow class of conceivable formal operations. There is no a priori necessity for a language to be organized in this highly specific and most peculiar way. There is no sense of ‘simplicity’ in which this design for a language can be intelligibly described as ‘most simple.’ Nor is there any content to the claim that this design is somehow ‘logical’.

Because the grammar of every language is so peculiar, so un-simple, so un-logical, and yet so similar in the same aspects, Chomsky believes that it is necessary to postulate innate language knowledge in order to account for these facts.
One may question, as have many linguists, whether it is indeed the case that the nature of language is as Chomsky describes. Certainly, the Generative Semanticists and Case Grammarians would not agree that language is as un-logical as Chomsky believed. If, with such linguists, one does not believe that such a peculiar structure as Chomsky’s ‘Deep Structure’ exists, nor does one believe that grammars are organized in the peculiar manner as Chomsky contends (with syntax ‘primary’, etc.), then one does not have peculiar phenomena that especially require explanation in terms of innate language knowledge. Of course, even if grammars were not as peculiar as Chomsky contends, the learning of grammar must still be accounted for, and, in this regard, a theory of innate knowledge may be postulated. Such a theory, however, would have to be posited for reasons other than peculiarity. Given the doubt of other linguists concerning Chomsky’s grammar, and given the dubious psychological validity of that grammar (see Chapter 4), Chomsky’s ‘peculiarity’ argument is hardly a compelling one.
And, if grammar is not as peculiar as Chomsky contends, it may not be independent of other knowledge (mathematics, logic, music, etc.) as Chomsky holds. Structure dependent transformations and other general linguistic phenomena may occur in other domains of knowledge with the result that a more general cognitive capacity (rather than a specific knowledge capacity) may be hypothesized. Whether such a general cognitive capacity has at its base innate knowledge or not would still be an open question. The issue then shifts from how peculiar language knowledge is to be accounted for to how general cognitive knowledge is to be accounted for. It may then be argued whether the universality of this general cognitive knowledge is to be explained in Empiricist or Rationalist terms. The Empiricist might argue, as does Putnam (1967), that language originally was not the product of innate knowledge but the product of an invention of the mind, and that the reason why languages have so much in common is that the originally invented language spread (like the invention of the alphabet did) and that its most useful features and structures were retained by the borrowers. The Rationalist might object that ‘invention’ appears to be a magical explanation where something comes from nothing. On the other hand, the Empiricist might retort that if innate knowledge is attributed to humans, how is that knowledge to be accounted for in evolutionary terms? Would not the innate knowledge have to be experienced at some time in the human past? And, if so, would it not have to be said that such knowledge ‘comes from nothing’? Such issues are clearly far from resolution.
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Chomsky’s arguments for LADLet us now consider some of the major arguments which Chomsky presents in support of his LAD theory. The four which will be considered are: (1) the peculiarity of grammar; (2) imperfect input data; (3) the irrelevance of intelligence; and (4) the ease and speed of child language acquisition.1. PECULIARITY OF GRAMMAR. According to Chomsky (1967b: 6);Deep structures seem to be very similar from language to language, and the rules that manipulate and interpret them also seem to be drawn from a very narrow class of conceivable formal operations. There is no a priori necessity for a language to be organized in this highly specific and most peculiar way. There is no sense of ‘simplicity’ in which this design for a language can be intelligibly described as ‘most simple.’ Nor is there any content to the claim that this design is somehow ‘logical’.Because the grammar of every language is so peculiar, so un-simple, so un-logical, and yet so similar in the same aspects, Chomsky believes that it is necessary to postulate innate language knowledge in order to account for these facts.One may question, as have many linguists, whether it is indeed the case that the nature of language is as Chomsky describes. Certainly, the Generative Semanticists and Case Grammarians would not agree that language is as un-logical as Chomsky believed. If, with such linguists, one does not believe that such a peculiar structure as Chomsky’s ‘Deep Structure’ exists, nor does one believe that grammars are organized in the peculiar manner as Chomsky contends (with syntax ‘primary’, etc.), then one does not have peculiar phenomena that especially require explanation in terms of innate language knowledge. Of course, even if grammars were not as peculiar as Chomsky contends, the learning of grammar must still be accounted for, and, in this regard, a theory of innate knowledge may be postulated. Such a theory, however, would have to be posited for reasons other than peculiarity. Given the doubt of other linguists concerning Chomsky’s grammar, and given the dubious psychological validity of that grammar (see Chapter 4), Chomsky’s ‘peculiarity’ argument is hardly a compelling one.And, if grammar is not as peculiar as Chomsky contends, it may not be independent of other knowledge (mathematics, logic, music, etc.) as Chomsky holds. Structure dependent transformations and other general linguistic phenomena may occur in other domains of knowledge with the result that a more general cognitive capacity (rather than a specific knowledge capacity) may be hypothesized. Whether such a general cognitive capacity has at its base innate knowledge or not would still be an open question. The issue then shifts from how peculiar language knowledge is to be accounted for to how general cognitive knowledge is to be accounted for. It may then be argued whether the universality of this general cognitive knowledge is to be explained in Empiricist or Rationalist terms. The Empiricist might argue, as does Putnam (1967), that language originally was not the product of innate knowledge but the product of an invention of the mind, and that the reason why languages have so much in common is that the originally invented language spread (like the invention of the alphabet did) and that its most useful features and structures were retained by the borrowers. The Rationalist might object that ‘invention’ appears to be a magical explanation where something comes from nothing. On the other hand, the Empiricist might retort that if innate knowledge is attributed to humans, how is that knowledge to be accounted for in evolutionary terms? Would not the innate knowledge have to be experienced at some time in the human past? And, if so, would it not have to be said that such knowledge ‘comes from nothing’? Such issues are clearly far from resolution.
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Hujah-hujah Chomsky untuk LAD
Mari kita mempertimbangkan beberapa hujah-hujah utama yang Chomsky membentangkan bagi menyokong teori LAD beliau. Empat yang akan dipertimbangkan ialah: (1) keanehan tatabahasa; (2) Data input yang tidak sempurna; (3) tidak relevan kecerdasan; dan (4) yang mudah dan kelajuan pemerolehan bahasa kanak-kanak. 1. Keanehan NAHU. Menurut Chomsky (1967b: 6); struktur Deep seolah-olah menjadi sangat serupa dari bahasa kepada bahasa, dan kaedah-kaedah yang memanipulasi dan mentafsirkan mereka juga seolah-olah diambil daripada kelas yang sangat sempit operasi formal yang dapat difikirkan. Tidak ada satu keperluan priori untuk bahasa yang akan dianjurkan dengan cara ini sangat khusus dan paling pelik. Tidak ada rasa 'kesederhanaan' di mana reka bentuk ini untuk bahasa yang boleh intelligibly digambarkan sebagai 'paling mudah.' Tidak ada sama sekali sebarang kandungan kepada dakwaan bahawa reka bentuk ini adalah entah bagaimana 'logik'. Kerana tatabahasa setiap bahasa begitu pelik, jadi un-mudah, jadi un-logik, namun begitu serupa dalam aspek-aspek yang sama, Chomsky percaya bahawa ia adalah perlu untuk postulat pengetahuan bahasa semula jadi untuk mengambil kira fakta ini. Satu boleh menyoal, kerana mempunyai banyak ahli bahasa, sama ada ia merupakan kes yang sifat bahasa seperti Chomsky menerangkan. Pastinya, Generative Semanticists dan kes tatabahasa tidak akan bersetuju bahawa bahasa adalah sebagai tidak logik kerana Chomsky percaya. Jika, dengan ahli bahasa itu, seseorang itu tidak percaya bahawa apa-apa struktur yang tersendiri iaitu 'Struktur Deep' Chomsky yang wujud, juga tidak salah percaya bahawa tatabahasa yang dianjurkan dengan cara yang pelik seperti Chomsky menegaskan (dengan sintaks 'utama', dan lain-lain), maka seseorang tidak perlu fenomena pelik yang terutama memerlukan penjelasan dari segi pengetahuan bahasa semula jadi. Sudah tentu, walaupun tatabahasa tidak begitu pelik kerana Chomsky menegaskan, pembelajaran tatabahasa masih perlu diambil kira, dan, dalam hal ini, teori pengetahuan semula jadi boleh mengandaikan. Seperti teori yang, bagaimanapun, perlu dikemukakan atas sebab-sebab selain daripada keanehan. Memandangkan keraguan ahli bahasa lain mengenai tatabahasa Chomsky, dan diberikan kesahan psikologi yang meragukan tatabahasa itu (lihat Bab 4), hujah 'keanehan' Chomsky ini hampir tidak satu yang menarik. Dan, jika tatabahasa tidak begitu pelik kerana Chomsky menegaskan, ia boleh tidak bebas daripada pengetahuan lain (matematik, logik, muzik, dan lain-lain) sebagai Chomsky memegang. Struktur transformasi bergantung dan lain-lain fenomena linguistik umum boleh berlaku dalam bidang-bidang lain ilmu dengan keputusan bahawa kapasiti yang lebih umum kognitif (bukan kapasiti pengetahuan yang khusus) boleh hipotesis. Sama ada apa-apa keupayaan kognitif am mempunyai pengetahuan yang asas semula jadi atau tidak masih akan menjadi satu soalan terbuka. Isu itu kemudian beralih dari bagaimana pelik pengetahuan bahasa adalah untuk diambil kira bagaimana pengetahuan kognitif umum adalah untuk diambil kira. Ia kemudian boleh berhujah sama ada kesejagatan ini pengetahuan kognitif umum adalah untuk dijelaskan dalam empirisme atau terma rasionalis. Empirisme yang mungkin berpendapat, seperti juga Putnam (1967), bahasa yang asalnya tidak adalah hasil daripada pengetahuan semula jadi tetapi hasil daripada ciptaan minda, dan bahawa sebab mengapa bahasa mempunyai banyak persamaan adalah bahawa penyebaran bahasa asalnya dicipta (seperti ciptaan abjad lakukan) dan ciri-ciri dan binaan yang paling berguna dikekalkan oleh peminjam. The rasionalis mungkin membantah bahawa 'ciptaan' muncul untuk menjadi penjelasan yang ajaib di mana sesuatu yang datang dari apa-apa. Sebaliknya, empirisme mungkin menjawab dengan mengatakan bahawa jika pengetahuan semula jadi adalah disebabkan oleh manusia, bagaimana pengetahuan itu untuk diambil kira dari segi evolusi? Tidak akan pengetahuan semula jadi perlu mengalami pada masa lalu manusia? Dan, jika demikian, akan ia tidak perlu dikatakan bahawa ilmu itu 'berasal dari apa-apa'? Isu-isu seperti jelas belum resolusi.







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