The mode of transmission of a disea

The mode of transmission of a disease is dynamic, and patterns can change with
time. Avian influenza initially was thought to be restricted to birds, and fears were
expressed that it may spread to humans. Studies revealed that the glycoprotein virus
receptor (Hemagglutinin) carried by the avian influenza virus attaches to sialic acid
alpha-2,3-galactose receptors present on the alveolar cells in contrast to sialic acid
alpha-2,6-galactose receptors present on the bronchial epithelial cells (Shinya &
Kawaoka, 2006). The location of receptors makes it difficult for the avian influenza
virus to spread from human to human. The human influenza virus attaches to sialic
acid alpha-2,3-galactose receptors, which are present on bronchi and alveolar type II
epithelial cells, thus easily transmitted through respiratory channels (Ma, 2007; Smith
& Bazini-Barakat, 2003). Successful interspecies transmission and adaptation to a new
genetic environment is possible through antigenic drift and antigenic shift processes.
The 2009 pandemic swine flu has succeeded in this interspecies transmission.

Results (English) 2:

疾病的传播方式是动态的，随着时间的变化
和图案。禽流感最初被认为是限制鸟类，和恐惧
表示它可能传染给人类。研究表明，糖蛋白的病毒
受体（HA）的禽流感病毒进行高度唾液酸
α-2，在与唾液酸
alpha-2,6-galactose受体存在于支气管上皮细胞，肺泡细胞3-galactose受体（Shinya&
Kawaoka，2006）。受体的位置使禽流感
病毒在人群中传播的困难。人流感病毒高度唾液
酸alpha-2,3-galactose受体，这是目前在支气管和肺泡II型上皮细胞
，因此很容易通过呼吸通道（MA，2007；Smith
&bazini Barakat，2003）。通过抗原漂移和抗原性转变过程成功的种间传播和适应一个新的
遗传环境是可能的。
2009大流行的猪流感已经成功地在这个物种传播。