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Remarkably few waste treatment technologies can be guaranteed to eliminate allpathogenic organisms and agents even though solid waste, particularly sanitary solidwastes and specified materials from animal slaughter and destruction, have been identifiedas significant sources of various pathogens. Historically, most screening tests usedindicate the possible presence of pathogenic organisms and involve faecal indicatorbacteria, in spite of the fact that human pathogens include bacteria, yeasts, protozoa,intestinal and other worms, flukes, viruses and prions and that individual elimination andsurvival characteristics vary dramatically. Hygienisation processes involve two majorfacets: the destruction or irreversible inactivation of all pathogens present and theprevention of subsequent regrowth (recovery) of or reinfection with pathogens. As faras biological hygienisation processes are concerned, the three major mechanisms76 G. Hamer / Biotechnology Advances 22 (2003) 71–79contributing to process efficacy are elevated temperatures, effective hydrolytic enzymeproduction and high residual substrate affinities. Enhanced temperature clearly implies theneed to use thermophiles exhibiting high metabolic rates that permit autothermaloperation for process mediation. In heat inactivation, process temperature and time areinversely linked as far as inactivation is concerned, so that guaranteed minimum processresidence times, with no possibilities of either material bypassing or cool spot (frequentlyhead space) segregation, are absolute requirements that depend on both process equipmentand operating system design
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