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7.2 Lack of benchmarks and need for predictable goal achievementHowever, the implemented solution differed significantly from the 12 principles put forth by Hope and Fraser (2003a). FoodCorp’s final model was characterized by fixed top-down targets supported by a budget with relatively few line items. In fact, the main paradox of this case is that Food Corp ended up with a fixed performance contract, which is exactly what the Beyond Budgeting literature criticizes. The Beyond Budgeting literature suggests that environmental uncertainty should be handled using subjective performance evaluations (Hope and Fraser, 2003a) and relative performance evaluations (Hope and Fraser, 2003a; Wallander, 1999), which, in turn, imply a need for flexibility with regard to the targets. The first hindrance for the implementation of the Beyond Budgeting model in Food Corp was the lack of internal benchmarks for evaluating the performance of individual responsibility centers.The use of internal benchmarking may require some kind of branch structure, as in the Svenska Handelsbanken case. Thus,going Beyond Budgeting by replacing fixed targets with benchmarks is likely to be more suitable in organizations where branch structures can be found (e.g. retail).A second hindrance for the implementation of the Beyond Budgeting model in Food Corp was the pressure to deliver the budgeted payback every year to the owners/suppliers. As the income that the owners/suppliers received from the cooperative was a major part of their total income, delivery of the expected results was prioritized. A fixed target was seen as the best way to ensure that expectations would be met. We suggest that the same effect might be seen in organizations with other types of ownership structures, such as companies owned by private equity funds and organizations in the public sector. In the public sector, for example, budgets are essential for spending approvals, thus making the abandonment of fixed budgets unrealistic. We, therefore, propose that many organizations that change their management accounting system onthe basis of inspiration from Beyond Budgeting will maintain a fixed budget target instead of introducing relative performance evaluations as suggested by Beyond Budgeting proponents.
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