This change suggests that board operation and strategy formulation imp translation - This change suggests that board operation and strategy formulation imp Indonesian how to say

This change suggests that board ope

This change suggests that board operation and strategy formulation improved as executives played an increasingly important role in board deliberations. Noticeable too is the fact that every firmmaintained a majority of non-executive directors, due in large part to the professionalisation of governance practices in large organisations (it is another question whether these directors were independent non-executives — anecdotal evidence would suggest that they were not). While only conjecture, we suggest that the rise of a market for professional non-executive directors and the increased important of director reputation has served these firms well in improving monitoring, decision making and governance practices generally (Merrett, 2002). The final trend we note from the data above is an increase in the number of block-holders. Table 4 indicates that the importance of block-holders has grown between 1964 and 1997, with an average of four substantial shareholders for 1997 firms. This is consistent with the increasein ownership concentration in Table 2. As stated earlier, block-holders serve animportant role in the governance process because they are willing to incur the transaction costs associated with monitoring companies. Block-holders often have more specialised resources to devote to monitoring shareholdings, and have access togreater levels of information than smaller, individual shareholders. In many cases block-holders are able to engage in dialogue with incumbent management over the operations of the firm and adopt a ‘voice’ strategy in communicating dissatisfaction with performance (as opposed to an ‘exit’ strategy of selling equity positions). Smaller shareholders can free ride
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Results (Indonesian) 1: [Copy]
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Pemeriksaan atas enam perusahaan ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran papan tetap relatif <br>stabil sampai tahun 1960-an. Hanya Pacific Dunlop meningkat ukuran papan substansial dengan <br>tahun 1964, kemungkinan besar sebagai akibat dari merger sebelumnya dan akuisisi. Papan kecil <br>mungkin telah bekerja secara efisien antara 1910-an dan 1950-an sebagai tuntutan <br>investor eksternal untuk pengawasan ketat dan review rendah. Atau, data menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan ini notsubjected tingkat tinggi di luar <br>pengawasan dan bisa bertahan dengan CEO (atau ketua) ditunjuk dewan terbatas <br>ukuran. Kenaikan ukuran papan ini tidak berarti seragam untuk perusahaan-perusahaan ini. Ukuran papan <br>meningkat pada BHP, CSR, Pacific Dunlop, dan Coca Cola Amatil, tetapi tidak untuk<br>Australia Gas Light atau Luka bakar Philp. Tabel 6 menambah wawasan lebih lanjut dengan menghadirkan <br>komposisi dewan (direksi percentageof non-eksekutif) untuk enam <br>perusahaan. Semua perusahaan memulai perubahan komposisi selama periode untuk <br>menyertakan lebih banyak pejabat eksekutif di papan tulis.
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Pemeriksaan atas enam perusahaan ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran papan tetap relatif <br>stabil sampai tahun 1960-an. Hanya Pasifik Dunlop ukuran papan meningkat secara substansial oleh <br>1964, kemungkinan besar sebagai akibat dari merger dan akuisisi sebelumnya. Papan yang lebih kecil <br>dapat bekerja secara efisien antara tahun 1910-an dan 1950-an sebagai tuntutan <br>investor eksternal untuk pengawasan ketat dan review rendah. Sebagai alternatif, data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan ini memiliki tingkat tinggi di luar <br>dan dapat bertahan dengan CEO (atau Ketua) ditunjuk Dewan terbatas <br>Ukuran. Kenaikan ukuran papan tidak berarti seragam untuk perusahaan ini. Ukuran papan <br>meningkat di BHP, CSR, Pasifik Dunlop, dan Coca Cola Amatil, tetapi tidak untuk <br>Australia gas Light atau Burns Philp. Tabel 6 menambahkan wawasan lebih lanjut dengan menyajikan <br>susunan Dewan Direksi (persentagedari Direktur non-Eksekutif) untuk enam <br>Perusahaan. Semua perusahaan memulai perubahan komposisi selama periode <br>termasuk sejumlah besar pejabat eksekutif di papan tulis.
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