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Phosphotriesterases (PTEs) have been isolated from a range of bacterial species, including Agrobcaterium radiobacter (PTEAr),and are efficient enzymes with broad substrate ranges. The turnover rate of PTEAr for the common organophosphorousinsecticide malathion is lower than expected based on its physical properties; principally the pka of its leaving group. In thisstudy, we rationalise the turnover rate of PTEAr for malathion using computational docking of the substrate into a highresolution crystal structure of the enzyme, suggesting that malathion is too large for the PTEAr binding pocket. Proteinengineering through combinatorial active site saturation testing (CASTing) was then used to increase the rate of malathionturnover. Variants from a CASTing library in which Ser308 and Tyr309 were mutated yielded variants with increased activitytowards malathion. The most active PTEAr variant carried Ser308Leu and Tyr309Ala substitutions, which resulted in a ca.5000-fold increase in kcat/KM for malathion. X-ray crystal structures for the PTEAr Ser308LeuTyr309Ala variant demonstratethat the access to the binding pocket was enhanced by the replacement of the bulky Tyr309 residue with the smalleralanine residue
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