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The deployment of FTTH access networks has always been expensive, often requiring labor-intensive civil works to lay cable to residential customers. Even as the cost of fiber optics has declined in recent years, there is still a substantial labor cost involved to manually connect cables to a high number of newly-signed subscribers.FTTH networks have evolved over the years, looking for the optimum cost-effective solution. Early deployments used optical fiber transmit/receive pairs that were costly and difficult to install. The development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which uses a single fiber for upstream and downstream traffic, was a significant improvement. Eventually, the early point-to-point FTTH networks were joined by a new type of point-to-multipoint network, where a single fiber connects to passive optical splitters that distribute fibers to multiple subscribers. These Passive Optical Networks (PONs) can support splitting ratios of up to 1:64 from one single fiber. In addition to other developments, some PON deployments also include an extra “overlaid” downstream wavelength that delivers analog or digital TV services to users without the need for IP set-top boxes.
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